effect of microwave on human body ppt

However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. Sci STKE. Cell Biochem Biophys. fMicrowave Radiation Comes From Many Sources, Including: Cell phones. 1994;10:13548. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. Xiong et al. 2012;35:32534. 2009;158:12639. 2015;28:1324. 2008;169:3845. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). 2010;2010. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. CAS The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. 2010;3:4650. 2012;31:25074. Trends Cell Biol. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. 2013;89:11007. Behav Brain Res. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. 2006;398:2537. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. 2014;70:84555. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. 2009;27:556572. [68] radiated Wistar rats with microwaves (30mW/cm2; SAR value, 14.1W/kg), and then detected the expression of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins and found that synaptophys in I and VAMP-2, which are synaptic fusion proteins, and synaptic vesicle proteins were abnormally expressed to different degrees. 2004;996:8996. 2011;343:5224. J Radiat Proc. PubMed Central Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. Lai et al. Sanders AP, Joines WT. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Behav Brain Res. CAS Merola et al. Trends Neurosci. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. 2013;42:428. Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. Neurosci Lett. Rev Environ Health. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. 1990;39:13543. 1997;44:99104. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. 2012;25:1828. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. Privacy Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. 2007;210:63544. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. Springer Nature. daily life. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. 2013;73:4737. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. P Nat Acad. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. Neuroreport. Clinics. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. 2012;112:1715. Article 2014;90:2935. Bioelectromagnetics. After exposure to microwave radiation, during synaptic structural plasticity, presynaptic vesicles accumulate or empty, mitochondria are damaged, postsynaptic membranes are perforated, postsynaptic lengths and postsynaptic density distributions are abnormal, mossy fiber growth is inhibited during learning and memory functions, dendritic filopodial densities and activities are decreased, and there is a significant reduction of the dendritic spine density and dendritic fragment length [62]. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. PubMed Central It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. 2014;12:75. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. CAS Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. Qiao et al. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. 2011;35:36978. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. 2008;29:52738. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. 2006;165:63644. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. 2005;161:52635. PubMed Central J Natl Cancer Inst. Electromagn Biol Med. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. PubMed 1992;6:379. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. Koch C, Zador A. PubMed 2006;27:11926. Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Cite this article. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Radiat Res. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. 2010;473:525. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. PubMed 2012;62:22336. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Behav Brain Res. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. 2004;2004:19. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. Megha et al. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. However,. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. 2014;8:63. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. [84] and Sharma et al. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Bull Exp Biol Med. Bioelectromagnetics. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. . Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. Part of Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Nature. Acta Neurol Belg. 1975;148:1723. 2006;27:16471. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? 2003;41:26887. 2013;23:306. An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. Biomed Environ Sci. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. Am J Epidemiol. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the 2002;5:18995. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. 2013;5:5500110. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. Cookies policy. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . 2003;140:147. Electromagn Biol Med. The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. Technol Cancer Res Treat. PubMed SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. Google Scholar. Surg Neurol. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. Neuroscience. statement and Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Iran J Public Health. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. Exp Neurobiol. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. 2016;53:210011. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. 2003;80:194210. Terms and Conditions, Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. Singh et al. Curr Opin Neurobiol. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Homeland Baby Franny Looks Like Brody, Articles E