onset nucleus coda calculator

And the occasional syllable has neither an onset nor a coda, just a nucleus, like the word I [a]! Nicknames For Blair, pairs. In this study, the FastText model was trained after separating Hangul into the onset, nucleus, and coda to enable profanity detection, even when the user deliberately makes a typo and changes the morphology of the profanity. Notating syllable structure C = consonant, V = vowel CVC = syllable First C is the onset V is the nucleus Last C is the coda 33. When True, onset, nucleus, and coda have same length or 1 difference. onset rhyme nucleus coda Figure 1 Syllable Structure Of these parts, the syllable onset is generally best preserved in continuous speech while the nucleus vowel may be reduced or altered to fit the speaking rate and adjacent syllables. Hello! Bobby Wayne Howell, Copyright - Kenneth E. Senior Aerospace Scholarship Foundation 2016, acquisitions incorporated character sheets, what are the traits of a sarcastic person, high school for environmental studies ceeb code, original lynyrd skynyrd members still alive, dell inspiron 15 camera driver for windows 10, jeep renegade 4x4 usata francoforte sul meno, How To Remove Embroidery From A Baseball Glove, glee fanfiction santana and brittany pregnant, homes for sale in margaritaville daytona beach. The second syllable, on the other hand, contains an onset (the consonant sound /p/), a nucleus (the reduced vowel sound // ), and a coda (the consonant sound /n/); it is whats known as a closed syllable. Want to create or adapt books like this? Onsets are optional. This value is somewhat unreliable because we had to adjust some zero cell frequencies, which are undefined for G 2.Our first step, therefore, was to partition off any consonants that had The nucleus is always a required element, and the onset and coda are optional. In the College of Engineering (COE), students can select one of sixteen engineering programs in which to apply for enrollment. onset nucleus coda calculator. onset nucleus coda calculator. Hence, we change the rules of the syl-lable complexity grammar (M uller, 2002) such that phonotactic dependencies are modeled. The Secret . Each syllable splits into an onset and a rhyme. rise throughout the onset to the nucleus, and a fall from the nucleus throughout the coda (Sievers 1881, Jespersen 1904, Hooper 1976, Steriade 1982, Selkirk 1984). psychiatrie rostock gehlsdorf notaufnahme. Alira Berwick Shops, rise throughout the onset to the nucleus, and a fall from the nucleus throughout the coda (Sievers 1881, Jespersen 1904, Hooper 1976, Steriade 1982, Selkirk 1984). rsti auflauf mit hackfleisch; The phonology of human speech includes rich linguistic structure. The measured acoustic values were onset consonant closure duration, VOT, vowel duration, and f0 maximum. The central element is the nucleus (sometimes known as the peak) and all syllables must minimally consist used to calculate standard scores from raw scores. Spoken words are made up of syllables, but syllables also have internal structure. An initial part or version that will receive additions. identify the onset, nucleus and coda church. In my [m.ai], there is an onset (m), and in mine [m.ai.n] also a coda (n). accommodation. This is broken out into the three basic parts of a syllable. The nucleus and the coda together make up the rhyme. Second Chance Rentals For Felons, Note. Thats a good beginning definition, but its a little more complex than that, as well see in this unit and the next. The written word is just a different way of conveying a spoken language, so any form without sounds can be valid. onset rhyme nucleus coda Figure 1 Syllable Structure Of these parts, the syllable onset is generally best preserved in continuous speech while the nucleus vowel may be reduced or altered to fit the speaking rate and adjacent syllables. When True, onset, nucleus, and coda have same length or 1 difference. In [bald] the consonant cluster [ld] constitutes the coda (which is preceded by the nucleus [a] which in its turn is preceded by the onset [b]). We know that [l] is a possible onset in English, because there are lots of words that start with [l], like glue, glass, glamour. 3.4 Syllable Structure - Essential of Linguistics Onset is a see also of coda. Onset and Coda A syllable may consist of the nucleus alone, or the nucleus may have other sounds attached to it, either in front or in back of it. onset nucleus coda calculator. Prosodic Licensing: Prosodic licensing is well accounted for in phonology (Ito, 1996; Goldsmith, 1990; Harris, 1997). There are three consonants [mbl] in the middle of this word, so there are four logical possibilities for how they could be organized. monarchfalter mimikry; richter amtsgericht celle; polyethylene glycol 2000 contraindications. onset Rhyme: the nucleus and the coda form the rhyme Nucleus: the most sonorous part of the syllable (normally a vowel). The nucleus and coda together are the rime (normal people spell this rhyme, but linguists go with the more nonstandard spelling, because they can and to make it clear they mean the technical term). The written word is just a different way of conveying a spoken language, so any form without sounds can be valid. The Wonder Tree. These onsets and codas can be complicated or simple depending on what is allowed in a language. It follows a pretty standard format where elements not in parenthesis are required components of the syllable, and elements inside of parenthesis are optional. In particular, one can calculate ID as ID gh = log 2 (2D gh /W h). Vergnaud and Halle are of the view that almost any onset can occur with any nucleus but serious restrictions are imposed on the nucleus and the coda (1978: 41). Usually onset, nucleus, and coda all have only a single segment. The vowel sound is the nucleus, the part before is the onset, the part after is the coda. Onset is a see also of coda. The script was used to calculate and obtain values from all labeled intervals. Once all four boundaries are set click on calculate to the right of the spectrogram. rise throughout the onset to the nucleus, and a fall from the nucleus throughout the coda (Sievers 1881, Jespersen 1904, Hooper 1976, Steriade 1982, Selkirk 1984). The SVM is trained with examples of words paired with both correct and incorrect syllabifications as a chain of onset, nucleus, and coda. 0. identify the onset, nucleus and coda church. This has no effect unless complex_onset or complex_coda is set to true. psychiatrie rostock gehlsdorf notaufnahme. The Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP) is the cross-linguistic generalisation that the most well-formed syllables are characterised by a sonority rise throughout the onset to the nucleus, and a fall from the nucleus throughout the coda (Sievers Reference Sievers 1881, Jespersen Reference Jespersen 1904, Hooper Reference Hooper 1976, Steriade maximum jaw closure, as the speaker articulates the nucleus of the syllable, e.g., [1, 3]. The nucleus is always a required element, and the onset and coda are optional. Word; Question: What is the onset, nucleus, and coda of the following one syllable words? www.boxingaddictions.net > Blog > Uncategorized > onset nucleus coda calculator. Coda-Nucleus Interactions: Apart from the fact that there are co-occurrence constraints between the nucleus and coda and that both bear stress most times, the coda and nucleus also affect each other in the following ways and this makes a case for the onset-rhyme dichotomy. The onset and the coda are consonants, or consonant clusters, that appear at the beginning and the end of the syllable respectively. Auteur/autrice de la publication : Post published: 1 juin 2022 Post category: jabra firmware update failed return code 18 jabra firmware update failed return code 18 (3) Sequences with unsyllabified consonants a. stn tree (B91: 609) b. sxwm floor mat (B91: 609) c. sqwci ventral posterior fin (B91: 609) Coda Cs may or may not depending on the language If weight is related to duration, then proposed coupling structures can account for the difference between onset and coda consonants in weight. bazooka candy brands halal. spot [spat] has [sp] as the onset and [t] as the coda; cost [kast] has [k] as the onset and [st] as the coda; alarm [?.la?m] has 2 syllables; in the first, there is no onset or coda; in the second, [l] is the onset and [?m] is the coda release [? Some syllables have an onset but no coda, like the word day [de], and some syllables have a coda but not onset, like the word eat [it]. Subsequently, Onset-Nucleus and Coda-Onset tasks also showed generally high correlations that were significant for at least three subjects (M2, F1 and F2, but also M4 for Coda-Onset tasks). onset nucleus coda calculator. The nucleus is always a required element, and the onset and coda are optional. Example. Like the other entries, I've loaded this with two common sonority rules in American English. ; ; Parts of a syllable Elements in (parens) are optional Syllable = (onset) + rime Rime = nucleus + (coda) 34. Hyperbole is an intentional overstatement or exaggeration, which is made to draw attention to an idea or issue. What is the onset, nucleus, and coda of the following one syllable words? They can be defined by segments or features. Sonority is the inherent loudness of sounds relative to one another. Use IPA symbols to represent each sound. There is abundant evidence for subsyllabic constituency, one possible model of which is illustrated in Figure 1. onset - ch nucleus - ur coda - ch. Nuclei could be any English vowel or English diphthong. The Tree of Kindness. Steve Martin Gilda Radner, Example. rsti auflauf mit hackfleisch; a) If it has a suffix. We used ICC to calculate testretest reliability coefficients for young and older listeners separately as well as for the combined group. If there are consonants, which are less sonorous, they make up the onset and coda of the syllable. The phonology of human speech includes rich linguistic structure. When theres a group of consonants in the onset or coda we call them a cluster. a) If it has a suffix. All nonwords consisted of an onset, a nucleus, and a coda. The nucleus forms the core of the syllable; it is most often a vowel, or a combination of vowels - but there are exceptions to that. morphosyntactic meaning assigned to it, and from this one can calculate the exact location of the barycentre. The syllabification model endorsed by Government Phonology, i.e. Parts of a syllable Elements in (parens) are optional Syllable = (onset) + rime Rime = nucleus + (coda) 34. Hyperbole. Dummy variables representing onset, nucleus and coda are included in the model; we exclude interaction effects, to ensure that the probability of a tone can also be calculated for unattested segment strings. structure of language. Onsets are optional. For example, the onset [bn] is more well-formed than the onset [lb], because the former contains a small sonority rise (obstruent to nasal) and the latter contains a large sonority fall morphosyntactic meaning assigned to it, and from this one can calculate the exact location of the barycentre. When False , onset and coda have Consonant_Duration length, and nucleus has duration - 2 * Consonant_Duration. The second syllable, on the other hand, contains an onset (the consonant sound /p/), a nucleus (the reduced vowel sound // ), and a coda (the consonant sound /n/); it is whats known as a closed syllable. rise throughout the onset to the nucleus, and a fall from the nucleus throughout the coda (Sievers 1881, Jespersen 1904, Hooper 1976, Steriade 1982, Selkirk 1984). test cul es mi orisha; welt am sonntag abo service urlaubsservice. Here, the absence of coda was indicated by adding -. the onset to the nucleus, and a fall from the nucleus throughout the coda (Sievers 1881; Jesperson 1904; Hooper 1976; Steriade 1982; Selkirk 1984). The consonant at the beginning of the word [] is the onset of the first syllable, and the consonant at the end of the word [] is obviously the coda of the second syllable. That is, the internal orthographic structure of onset, nucleus, and coda provides a framework for systematically organizing the letters of a letter-string. The Magic Tree. psychiatrie rostock gehlsdorf notaufnahme. We used ICC to calculate testretest reliability coefficients for young and older listeners separately as well as for the combined group. The nucleus is usually a (simple or complex) vocalic sound: in eye [ai], u just have a nucleus. The onset is required in many languages and is optional or restricted in others. English Syllable Structure: Onset, Rhyme, Nucleus, and Coda Words are made up of syllables, which are made up of phonemes. Note. CODA is the process through which students matriculate into degree-granting programs. ; ; The Tree of the Future. rsti auflauf mit hackfleisch; onset nucleus coda calculator. Abstract. maximum jaw closure, as the speaker articulates the nucleus of the syllable, e.g., [1, 3]. This syllable can be abstracted as a consonant-vowel-consonant syllable, abbreviated CVC. Is Hedi Slimane Married, Fourth, the onset, nucleus, and coda are separated. The Tree of the Future. Credit Solution Experts Incorporated offers quality business credit building services, which includes an easy step-by-step system designed for helping clients build their business credit effortlessly. maximum jaw closure, as the speaker articulates the nucleus of the syllable, e.g., [1, 3]. Use phonetic symbols. Nucleus. Again, the vowel [i] is the nucleus of this syllable, and the consonants [nz] that come after the nucleus form the coda. Fourth, the onset, nucleus, and coda are separated. used to calculate standard scores from raw scores. Hence, we change the rules of the syl-lable complexity grammar (M uller, 2002) such that phonotactic dependencies are modeled. CODA is the process through which students matriculate into degree-granting programs. The core, central part (of something), round which others are assembled. The Klatt rules for German A rather simple method for predicting segment durations are the rules developed by Klatt [1] for American English. The central element is the nucleus (sometimes known as the peak) and all syllables must minimally consist Codas tend to have fewer contrasts than onsets (It 1986, Goldsmith 1990) Sonority sequencing principle (Selkirk 1984) Syllables tend to have highest sonority in the nucleus, and lowest sonority at the margins. Each syllable splits into an onset and a rhyme. onset - ch nucleus - ur coda - ch. rsti auflauf mit hackfleisch; Similarly, the final element the coda can only be filled by consonants. Nike Elite Championship Basketball Vs Wilson Evolution, Hyperbole. Consider the word ugly. What is the onset, nucleus, and coda of the following one syllable words? Some syllables have an onset but no coda, like the word day [de], and some syllables have a coda but not onset, like the word eat [it]. We can easily extract the bilingual onset, nucleus and coda pairs from the transcribed word pairs, shown in the fourth subtable of Figure 1. The nucleus is always a required element, and the onset and coda are optional. The Tree of Chances. such as onset, nucleus, and coda. Nuclei could be any English vowel or English diphthong. This is a video about the English syllable structure. Feature_Type The Wonder Tree. We can easily extract the bilingual onset, nucleus and coda pairs from the transcribed word pairs, shown in the fourth subtable of Figure 1. onset nucleus coda calculator - cambodianson.com The second syllable, on the other hand, contains an onset (the consonant sound /p/), a nucleus (the reduced vowel sound // ), and a coda (the consonant sound /n/); it is whats known as a closed syllable. In the College of Engineering (COE), students can select one of sixteen engineering programs in which to apply for enrollment. Monosyllabic words are pretty straightforward. Codas tend to have fewer contrasts than onsets (It 1986, Goldsmith 1990) Sonority sequencing principle (Selkirk 1984) Syllables tend to have highest sonority in the nucleus, and lowest sonority at the margins. The onset is the beginning of a syllable boundary, and is the strongest consonantal position. (chemistry, physics) The massive, positively charged central part of an atom, made up of protons and neutrons. Auteur/autrice de la publication : Post published: 1 juin 2022 Post category: jabra firmware update failed return code 18 jabra firmware update failed return code 18 manipulate individual sounds. So we might also think of a syllable as a vowel surrounded by some consonants. However, word initially, complex onsets and nuclei are permitted, and word finally, complex codae are also permitted. Syllable structure | Onset | Rhyme | Nucleus | Coda - YouTube If you've noticed, the phoneme titles are preceded by a highlighted letter, like Within this definition of syllable structure many So. In a previous unit we saw that a syllable is a peak of sonority surrounded by less sonorous sounds. monarchfalter mimikry; richter amtsgericht celle; polyethylene glycol 2000 contraindications. However, as we discuss below, the gestural scores in Figure 8 also make predictions about onset-to-vowel and coda-to-vowel durations; manipulating these ratios could test listeners sensitivity to the gestural origins of duration changes in monophthongs. the onset and coda can help to solve a syllabica-tion task. Additionally, the grammars distinguish between consonant clusters of Onset is a see also of coda. psychiatrie rostock gehlsdorf notaufnahme. A nucleus must be present in order for a syllable to be present. The Magic Tree. All of these lists are comma-separated, but you can combine multiple characters for things like diphthongs. The Tree of Chances. Kinematic measures comparing /l, r/ in onset (CVC), nucleus (CLC), and coda position (CVC ), Stimulus Set 1. Rhyme (R) Rhyme (or rime): the rest of the syllable, after the onset (the underlined portions of the words above). The onset is required in many languages and is optional or restricted in others. onset nucleus coda calculator - pethealthuio.com ; ; Example. Generally, every syllable requires a nucleus. Todos os Direitos Reservados. The distance between a given nucleus is followed by a coda-onset cluster, and a branching nucleus is followed by an onset, branching or non-branching. Once all four boundaries are set click on calculate to the right of the spectrogram. Feature_Type Noun. Cross-linguistic tendencies regarding what can be an onset, coda, and nucleus. A Saga Isenes a primeira loja totalmente preparada e adaptada aos clientes com direito iseno na compra de veculos. Weightlessness of Onsets Onset Cs typically do not contribute to syllable weight. 3.4 Syllable Structure - Essentials of Linguistics Usually onset, nucleus, and coda all have only a single segment. Well look at the different types of syllables further on, but first lets look at how we can represent syllables in writing. With synchronous onset coupling, effect of rightward shift is that adding Cs to onset does not morphosyntactic meaning assigned to it, and from this one can calculate the exact location of the barycentre. onset nucleus coda calculator onset nucleus coda calculator. The philosopher Seneca suggested that hyperbole "asserts the incredible in order to arrive at the credible." what happens when you reset firestick to factory settings, how much is a vin verification in california, pacco alimentare caritas requisiti 2021 roma, Ieee Biomedical Engineering Conference 2022, Nike Elite Championship Basketball Vs Wilson Evolution, Persistence And Determination The Founder, good pizza, great pizza stewards challenge goat, les messages subliminaux sont ils dangereux, tagpuan sa pelikulang barcelona a love untold, a patient was admitted three weeks following a normal, williamson starr and garden heights starr quotes, how to calculate central tendency in excel, primary care doctors crown colony quincy, ma, snowman chocolate orange cover knitting pattern, who created the six step problem solving model. [INSERT FIGURE 1 ABOUT HERE] As the diagram in Figure 1 shows, the syllable consists of onset and rhyme, which can be further subdivided into nucleus and coda. This collection will form the nucleus of a new library. In these cases, the additional segment is termed a The Wonder Tree. Syllable - Wikipedia pairs. Codas are optional. 28 2022 . Syllables may be broken up into onset, nucleus, and coda. Much as (3b) and (3c) exist in the two languages, the onset clusters are preferred to varying degrees depending on language specific phonotactic preferences (a The greater the sonority, the wider the mouth is and the more vowel-like a sound is (Barlow, 2000). Lets look at screens. The central element is the nucleus (sometimes known as the peak) and all syllables must minimally consist We can easily extract the bilingual onset, nucleus and coda pairs from the transcribed word pairs, shown in the fourth subtable of Figure 1. For example, the onset [bn] is more well-formed than the onset [lb], because the former contains a small sonority rise (obstruent to nasal) and the latter contains a large sonority fall Syllable structure [fit] - CVC Each syllable () has a maximum of the following parts: Onset: consonant or consonant cluster appearing at the beginning of the syllable. (chemistry, physics) The massive, positively charged central part of an atom, made up of protons and neutrons. The consonant that comes after the vowel nucleus [] is the coda, and the consonant that comes before [b] is the onset. A small phonological unit within a word consisting of onset, nucleus, and coda. The window has panels for each of the Onset, Nucleus, and Coda. For example, the onset [bn] is more well-formed than the onset [lb], because the former contains a small sonority rise (obstruent to nasal) and the latter contains a large sonority fall Auteur/autrice de la publication : Post published: 1 juin 2022 Post category: jabra firmware update failed return code 18 jabra firmware update failed return code 18 The consonant that comes after the vowel nucleus [] is the coda, and the consonant that comes before [b] is the onset. Comments The greater the sonority, the wider the mouth is and the more vowel-like a sound is (Barlow, 2000). Children's Health Starcenter Mckinney, Companies Like Seedfi, The onset is the consonants that prefix the nucleus, and the coda is the consonants that come after. For instance, /kanpiuta/ must be a four-syllable word whose first syllable contains the onset /k/, the nucleus /a/, and the coda /n/, etc. Use IPA symbols to represent each sound. The name for the most sonorous part of a syllable is the nucleus. If you've noticed, the phoneme titles are preceded by a highlighted letter, like C. This is the letter you'll use for that phonemic group in your structure. They are sometimes collectively known as the shell. Especializada no atendimento ao cliente com direito a iseno, inclusive com servios de consultoria jurdica e mdica, a Saga Isenes tem como foco facilitar o acesso desses clientes aos veculos oferecidos pela concessionria, inclusive com test-drives em carros totalmente adaptados. Use IPA symbols to represent each sound. Coda-Nucleus Interactions: Apart from the fact that there are co-occurrence constraints between the nucleus and coda and that both bear stress most times, the coda and nucleus also affect each other in the following ways and this makes a case for the onset-rhyme dichotomy. maximum jaw closure, as the speaker articulates the nucleus of the syllable, e.g., [1, 3]. ?.lis] has 2 syllables; In this chapter, CAF Calculator and a workflow to compute fluency measures are introduced along with a study investigating utterance fluency of L2 learners of Japanese at two proficiency levels performing two tasks. The name for the most sonorous part of a syllable is the, Chapter 9:Sentence Structure and Meaning, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. The written word is just a different way of conveying a spoken language, so any form without sounds can be valid. onset nucleus coda calculator. The Tree of the Creator. bazooka candy brands halal. bazooka candy brands halal. The vowel sound is the nucleus, the part before is the onset, the part after is the coda. The name for the most sonorous part of a syllable is the nucleus. The SVM is trained with examples of words paired with both correct and incorrect syllabifications as a chain of onset, nucleus, and coda. onset nucleus coda suffix M o n d - Mond g eh s t - gehst kl e b t - klebt Germanic languages tend to have a rule that if the nucleus is long, then a coda is short, and if a coda is long 1 then the nucleus is short. Vestibular Function Test Cost In Kolkata, So Grewendorf posits another slot at It was revealed that the body-coda model distinguished systematic gaps, accidental gaps, and attested syllables over within the syllable unless the two labials are onset and nucleus, e.g., *um, *op, * iop, calculate the maximum mathematical fitness of the random-sampling inputs in Syllables have a fundamental three-part structure as follows (Harley, 2006). We express the dependencies within the onset and coda as well as the dependency from the nucleus by bi-grams. Which does the mental grammar do? In this chapter, CAF Calculator and a workflow to compute fluency measures are introduced along with a study investigating utterance fluency of L2 learners of Japanese at two proficiency levels performing two tasks. Does a coda make a syllable heavy? Phonological search. This collection will form the nucleus of a new library. Each rule is made up of three parts: phonemic language. Hyperbole is an intentional overstatement or exaggeration, which is made to draw attention to an idea or issue. Phonology Part 3 - Minnesota State University Moorhead The philosopher Seneca suggested that hyperbole "asserts the incredible in order to arrive at the credible." Post author: Post published: May 28, 2022 Post category: Post comments: and focus position (onset, nucleus, coda) of the target syllable. Coda-Nucleus Interactions: Apart from the fact that there are co-occurrence constraints between the nucleus and coda and that both bear stress most times, the coda and nucleus also affect each other in the following ways and this makes a case for the onset-rhyme dichotomy. onset nucleus coda calculator. Introduction: this online codon usage calculator accept one raw sequence and calculate the outputed codon usage table according to the genetic code table you select. In the one-syllable English word cat, the nucleus is a, the onset c, the coda t, and the rime at. The onset is the beginning of a syllable boundary, and is the strongest consonantal position. test cul es mi orisha; welt am sonntag abo service urlaubsservice. Notating syllable structure C = consonant, V = vowel CVC = syllable First C is the onset V is the nucleus Last C is the coda 33. the onset to the nucleus, and a fall from the nucleus throughout the coda (Sievers 1881; Jesperson 1904; Hooper 1976; Steriade 1982; Selkirk 1984). In [bald] the consonant cluster [ld] constitutes the coda (which is preceded by the nucleus [a] which in its turn is preceded by the onset [b]). Each of these can be specified using the same segment-based environment selector described in Segment-based selection above. Venha visitar nossa loja e conhea nosso atendimento.Aqui, o foco em voc! Furthermore, all grammars differentiate between monosyllabic and polysyllabic words. 2020 Grupo Saga. Every language produces some type of verse in the form of songs, poems, or nursery rhymes, which can be analysed as a layer of words set to a template In this study, the FastText model was trained after separating Hangul into the onset, nucleus, and coda to enable profanity detection, even when the user deliberately makes a typo and changes the morphology of the profanity. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. This approach may not always represent articulatory syllable duration accurately, since the onset/offset of the syllable depends on the specific articulator (lip, tongue) that implements the articulation of the syllable onset/coda. The initial element is the onset.Only consonants can fill the onset slot. Cross-linguistic tendencies regarding what can be an onset, coda, and nucleus. Brembo Disc Brake Conversion Kit, Electrical Continuing Education Classes Near Me, Taylor Texas Fatal Car Accident Today, Articles O