mikhail gorbachev quizlet

[224], Gorbachev had inherited a renewed period of high tension in the Cold War. b. Why did President Carter cut off aid to Argentina in 1978? August 1989 war ein Test fr Gorbatschows" (German 19 August 1989 was a test for Gorbachev), in: FAZ 19 August 2009. d. All of the choices are correct. What plans of Brezhnev's failed. b. enlarged government revenue. MOSCOW (AP) Mikhail Gorbachev, who set out to revitalize the Soviet Union but ended up unleashing forces that led to the collapse of communism, the breakup of the state and the end of the Cold War, died Tuesday. Focused on co-operation instead of confrontation in speeches with the USA, tried to build Western relationship and withdrew troops from Afghanistan. [502] He continued to speak out on issues affecting Russia and the world. Politburo 1. Ronald Reagan for their two countries to destroy all existing stocks of intermediate-range nuclear-tipped missiles. Gorbachev biographer William Taubman, 2017[641], Gorbachev's negotiations with the U.S. helped bring an end to the Cold War and reduced the threat of nuclear conflict. The Reagan Revolution: [185] He was of the view that once freed from the strong control of central planners, state-owned enterprises would act as market agents. e. resulted in a rise in economic inequality. b. [307], The third summit was held in New York City in December. [613] The service included rites administered by a Russian Orthodox priest. New technological advances have resulted in all of the following effects except: [535] Gooding thought that Gorbachev was "committed to democracy", something marking him out as different from his predecessors. c. employed the fiery rhetoric and direct confrontation tactics of Bull Connor and George Wallace. What did the Supreme Court rulings San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez and Milliken v. Bradley suggest? [393], By mid-November 1990, much of the press was calling for Gorbachev to resign and predicting civil war. 19. c. They succeeded in mandating the labeling of explicit lyrics for hip-hop albums. d. use military force, particularly in the Persian Gulf. [628] Polish Foreign Minister Zbigniew Rau stated that Gorbachev had "increased the scope of freedom of the enslaved peoples of the Soviet Union in an unprecedented way, giving them hope for a more dignified life". d. restored Americans' confidence in their nation, as business boomed. [311] In December 1989, Gorbachev and Bush met at the Malta Summit. [616][618] Gorbachev was buried on the same day at Moscow's Novodevichy Cemetery, in the same grave as his wife Raisa, as requested by his will. [60], Mikhail Gorbachev and his wife Raisa initially rented a small room in Stavropol,[61] taking daily evening walks around the city and on weekends hiking in the countryside. [139] There, he met and befriended the Soviet ambassador, Aleksandr Yakovlev, who later became a key political ally. a. accused Reagan of presiding over an "evil empire." [554] Gorbachev reached an adult height of 5foot 9inches (1.75m). [238], In his relations with the developing world, Gorbachev found many of its leaders professing revolutionary socialist credentials or a pro-Soviet attitudesuch as Libya's Muammar Gaddafi and Syria's Hafez al-Assadfrustrating, and his best personal relationship was instead with India's Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi. e. A and C. a. [273] In the months following the conference, Gorbachev focused on redesigning and streamlining the party apparatus; the Central Committee staffwhich then numbered around 3,000was halved, while various Central Committee departments were merged to cut down the overall number from twenty to nine. c. decreased military spending. Bowers v. Hardwick: c. brought a halt to the nuclear energy industry's expansion. The country had elected socialist Salvador Allende into office. d. Wages increased significantly in the first period but stagnated in the second. Mikhail Gorbachev | Biography, Facts, Cold War, & Significance [434] Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Russian Supreme Soviets then ratified the establishment of the CIS. [147] In June he traveled to Italy as a Soviet representative for the funeral of Italian Communist Party leader Enrico Berlinguer,[148] and in September to Sofia, Bulgaria to attend celebrations of the fortieth anniversary of its liberation from the Nazis by the Red Army. [178] The Soviet Union was behind the United States in many areas of production,[179] but Gorbachev claimed that it would accelerate industrial output to match that of the U.S. by 2000. A new high jump record was set, while clearing the bar at seven feet. He owed a great deal of his steady rise in the party to the patronage of Mikhail Suslov, the leading party ideologue. e. the spread of American culture in South Vietnam to display the benefits of capitalism. He proved less willing to release the Soviet economy from the grip of centralized state direction, however. [56] He had wanted to remain in Moscow, where Raisa was enrolled in a PhD program, but instead gained employment in Stavropol; Raisa abandoned her studies to join him there. Opponents of the Equal Rights Amendment, like Phyllis Schlafly, argued that the passage of the ERA would: d. growing frustration over America's condition. was because of its French and Spanish alliances---. Gorbachev served as the last general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (198591) as well as the last president of the Soviet Union (199091). He was the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991 when the party was dissolved. Under Gorbachevs policy of perestroika (restructuring), the first modest attempts to democratize the Soviet political system were undertaken; multicandidate contests and the secret ballot were introduced in some elections to party and government posts. In 1952, he traveled to Moscow to earn his degree in law. [310] On becoming U.S. president, Bush appeared interested in continuing talks with Gorbachev but wanted to appear tougher on the Soviets than Reagan had to allay criticism from the right wing of his Republican Party. [266] On returning from Yugoslavia, Gorbachev called a Politburo meeting to discuss the letter, at which he confronted those hardliners supporting its sentiment. Russia is ready for political competition, a real multiparty system, fair elections and regular rotation of government. c. The nations with moderate population growth are usually the wealthiest. [476] In the election, Gorbachev came seventh with approximately 386,000 votes, or around 0.5% of the total. [463] In 1995, his foundation held a conference on "The Intelligentsia and Perestroika". After the coup foundered in the face of staunch resistance by Russian Pres. [212] After this, Gorbachev also criticized Yeltsin, claiming that he cared only for himself and was "politically illiterate". [464] Gorbachev continued to defend perestroika but acknowledged that he had made tactical errors as Soviet leader. d. the Brezhnev Doctrine., The Soviet Union collapsed in part because of: a. the U.S.-led invasion. [238] Gorbachev meanwhile told the Politburo that Reagan was "extraordinarily primitive, troglodyte, and intellectually feeble". A Younger Leader 1. Mikhail Gorbachev, who ended the Cold War without bloodshed but failed to prevent the collapse of the Soviet Union, died on Tuesday at the age of 91, hospital officials in Moscow said. [223] In October 1985, he met with Afghan Marxist leader Babrak Karmal, urging him to acknowledge the lack of widespread public support for his government and pursue a power sharing agreement with the opposition. [377], With the Soviet budget deficit climbing and no domestic money markets to provide the state with loans, Gorbachev looked elsewhere. Gorbachev was conspicuously successful in dismantling the totalitarian aspects of the Soviet state and in moving his country along the path toward true representative democracy. What reforms did gorbachev make - 650.org [100], Gorbachev's main task as regional leader was to raise agricultural production levels, a task hampered by severe droughts in 1975 and 1976. A funeral for Gorbachev was held on 3 September 2022 from 10 a.m. to 12 noon in the Column Hall of the House of Unions. The election of 1980 reflected: John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, Donald Kagan, Frank M. Turner, Steven Ozment. [641] His decision to allow the Eastern Bloc to break apart prevented significant bloodshed in Central and Eastern Europe; as Taubman noted, this meant that the "Soviet Empire" ended in a far more peaceful manner than the British Empire several decades before. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was born on March 2, 1931, in the village of Privolnoic, in the district of Krasnogvardisky in the Stavropol province. a. never intervene in the affairs of another nation. [461], Gorbachev had promised to refrain from criticizing Yeltsin while the latter pursued democratic reforms, but soon the two men were publicly criticizing each other again. D. A new high jump record, by clearing the bar seven feet, was set. Internally, growing nationalist sentiment threatened to break up the Soviet Union, leading MarxistLeninist hardliners to launch the unsuccessful August Coup against Gorbachev in 1991. [466] In 1997, she founded a sub-division of the Gorbachev Foundation known as Raisa Maksimovna's Club to focus on improving women's welfare in Russia. a. continued their overt opposition to the black struggle for racial justice. "Vietnamization" was: c. became more liberal in their beliefs. In part because he ended the Soviet Unions postwar domination of eastern Europe, Gorbachev was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1990. b. a. stated that equality of rights under the law could not be abridged on account of sex. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace for his leadership role in ending the Cold War and promoting . Gorbachev's reforms in the Soviet Union. [546] Doder and Branson noted that over the course of the 1980s, his thought underwent a "radical evolution". Which of the following developed increased economic interdependence between the nations of the world? [368] Domestically, Gorbachev's critics accused him of betraying the national interest;[369] more broadly, they were angry that Gorbachev had allowed the Eastern Bloc to move away from direct Soviet influence. If the sentence contains no error, select answer choice E. The underlined portion of each sentence below contains some flaw. [209], Some in the party thought Gorbachev was not going far enough in his reforms; a prominent liberal critic was Yeltsin. What led to the congressional discovery that the FBI had spied on millions of Americans in the 1960s? [133] Gorbachev became Andropov's closest ally in the Politburo;[134] with Andropov's encouragement, Gorbachev sometimes chaired Politburo meetings. [578] According to a 2017 survey carried out by the independent institute Levada Center, 46% of Russian citizens have a negative opinion towards Gorbachev, 30% are indifferent, while only 15% have a positive opinion. Ruling committee of the communist party 2. [486] He was critical of how the U.S. had expanded NATO right up to Russia's borders despite their initial assurances that they would not do so, citing this as evidence that the U.S. government could not be trusted. [544] He claimed that "the essence of Lenin" was a desire to develop "the living creative activity of the masses". "Mikhail Gorbachev and the Origins of Perestroika: A Retrospective. The two leaders met for the first time to hold talks on international diplomatic relations and the arms race. [87] However, in August 1968, he was named Second Secretary of the Stavropol Kraikom, making him the deputy of First Secretary Leonid Yefremov and the second most senior figure in the Stavrapol region. [576] He used self-deprecating humor,[577] and sometimes profanities,[577] and often referred to himself in the third person. [91] In September 1969 he was part of a Soviet delegation sent to Czechoslovakia, where he found the Czechoslovak people largely unwelcoming to them. . Gorbachev sought a compromise between these two diametrically opposed alternatives in vain, and so the centrally planned economy continued to crumble with no private enterprise to replace it. b. took the United States off the gold standard. Gorbachev hails late George H.W. Bush's role in ending Cold War [406] Wanting to preserve the Union, in April Gorbachev and the leaders of nine Soviet republics jointly pledged to prepare a treaty that would renew the federation under a new constitution; but six of the republicsEstonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Georgia, and Armeniadid not endorse this. From there, he moved quickly to national prominence. d. use military force, particularly in the Persian Gulf. a. growing enough food to feed the world's population. [384] Other countries were more forthcoming; West Germany had given the Soviets DM60billion by mid-1991. He was given a number of important diplomatic missions around the world. b. Under the Nixon administration, the United States: a. Symbolized the end of the Cold War. [460] While he still believed that Russia was undergoing a process of democratization, he concluded that it would take decades rather than years, as he had previously thought. I would consider it a high honour to be a member of the highly advanced, genuinely revolutionary Communist Party of Bolsheviks. c. supported democratic reforms in Iran. [668] Yevgeny Mironov and Chulpan Khamatova played the roles of Gorbachev and his wife Raisa respectively. c. expanded Jimmy Carter's policy of human rights. Gorbachev mourned as rare world leader but some still bitter [177] The first stage of Gorbachev's perestroika was uskoreniye ("acceleration"), a term he used regularly in the first two years of his leadership. [357] That year, opinion polls showed Yeltsin overtaking Gorbachev as the most popular politician in the Soviet Union. e. Congress overrode Ford's veto and ended federal funding for abortion in the Medicaid program. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [22] He read voraciously, moving from the Western novels of Thomas Mayne Reid to the works of Vissarion Belinsky, Alexander Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol, and Mikhail Lermontov. a. the inalienable rights of man are the foundation of freedom. [172] Doing so, Gorbachev secured dominance in the Politburo within a year, faster than either Stalin, Khrushchev, or Brezhnev had achieved. a. take away a woman's right to be a housewife. Gorbachev's radical economists, headed by Grigory A. Yavlinsky, counseled him that Western-style success required a true market economy. The event was co-sponsored by the U.S. and Soviet Union, one of the first examples of such cooperation between the two countries. c. The invasion destabilized the nation and ushered in a murderous regime. e. Congress overrode Ford's veto and ended federal funding for abortion in the Medicaid program. Openess, A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society, Reagan and Gorbachev discussed banning nuclear weapons; gains were made. [149] In December, he visited Britain at the request of its Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher; she was aware that he was a potential reformer and wanted to meet him. a. was a diplomatic achievement for President Carter. Photos: Former Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev | CNN [581] He commuted from the western suburbs between 9 and 10 in the morning and returned home around 8 in the evening. Mikhail Gorbachev was the first president of the Soviet Union, serving from 1990 to 1991. They had secured a federal ban on pornography in the Supreme Court. [422] Gorbachev attended a session of the Russian Supreme Soviet on 23 August, where Yeltsin aggressively criticized him for having appointed and promoted many of the coup members to start with.[423]. [483], Gorbachev was critical of U.S. hostility to Putin, arguing that the U.S. government "doesn't want Russia to rise" again as a global power and wants "to continue as the sole superpower in charge of the world". b. improved medical care. What type of context clue is used to help you figure out "dissemination"? Mikhail Gorbachev played a key role in ending the Soviet Unions post-World War II domination of eastern Europe. Which of the following issues continue to raise concern from the world community regarding the nations of India, Iraq, Pakistan, and North Korea? [660] In 1995, he was awarded the Grand-Cross of the Order of Liberty by Portuguese President Mrio Soares,[661] and in 1998 the Freedom Award from the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis, Tennessee. d. fully utilizing all of Earth's resources. What did Reagan call the USSR in a speech given in 1983? [90] In August 1968 the Soviet Union led an invasion of Czechoslovakia to put an end to the Prague Spring, a period of political liberalization in the MarxistLeninist country. Mike Eckel, "Did The West Promise Moscow That NATO Would Not Expand? c. They feared that gays and lesbians might push for an end to the "don't ask, don't tell" policy. [141] Many in the Central Committee nevertheless thought the 53-year-old Gorbachev was too young and inexperienced. a. included an emphasis on global human rights. Two months earlier, he had not come to the funeral of Margaret Thatcher for health reasons. [92] That year, the Soviet authorities ordered him to punish Fagim B. Sadykov[ru], a philosophy professor of the Stavropol agricultural institute whose ideas were regarded as critical of Soviet agricultural policy; Gorbachev ensured that Sadykov was fired from teaching but ignored calls for him to face tougher punishment. [210] In a vain attempt to preserve its power, the Communist Party of Belarus led the rush by declaring independence on August 25, just 72 hours after Gorbachev's return to Moscow. In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court ruled that: c. fixed affirmative action quotas were unconstitutional. Thousands of new civil rights movements encouraged gays and lesbians to "come out.". e. high income tax rates. Became known as Star Wars and would be able to shoot missiles down from space. c. The desire of western ranchers for local control of grazing rights on public lands. [567] When living in Stavropol, he and his wife collected hundreds of books. [536] With perestroika, Gorbachev had wanted to improve the existing MarxistLeninist system but ultimately ended up destroying it. 23. c. Nixon's Vietnam strategy to have American troops gradually withdraw and South Vietnamese troops assume more of the fighting. b. embraced Carter's emphasis on human rights. Mikhail Gorbachev was widely acclaimed in the West, but reviled by many at home Mr Gorbachev died on Tuesday, aged 91. a. Nixon would stage a second political comeback in the Reagan administration. [196] However, bootleg liquor production rose considerably,[197] and the reform imposed large costs on the Soviet economy, resulting in losses of up to US$100billion between 1985 and 1990. Gorbachev himself has stated that he was only made such a promise regarding East Germany and that it was kept. As the scale of the disaster became apparent, 336,000 people were evacuated from the area around Chernobyl. [611] In interviews given shortly before his death, Gorbachev had complained about health and appetite problems. As many Democrats as Republicans wound up in jail in the Watergate scandal. During his career, Gorbachev attracted the admiration of some colleagues, but others came to hate him. [598][599] Gorbachev's condition deteriorated even further in July 2022 as he developed kidney problems, which led to him being transferred for hemodialysis. b. the policy of containment. [590] Biographers Doder and Branson thought that Gorbachev was "a puritan" with "a proclivity for order in his personal life". [634] Many, particularly in Western countries, see him as the greatest statesman of the second half of the 20th century. In the 1980s, the Soviet Union and United States held a number of summits to come to terms with the two country's growing nuclear arsenals. In so doing, Gorbachev helped end the Cold War. German forces occupied Privolnoye for four and a half months in 1942. [Valentina Petrova/AP Photo] Mikhail Gorbachev, who ended the Cold War . Gorbachev then opened the floor to responses, after which attendees publicly criticized Yeltsin for several hours. Concern that the federal government planned to cut federal funding for state and national parks in the West. Studying at Moscow State University, he married fellow student Raisa Titarenko in 1953 and received his law degree in 1955. How did Mikhail Gorbachev become president of the Soviet Union? It did not result in fewer funds for libraries and schools, as opponents claimed it would. Early 21st century popular music and dance are both characterized by: What did Gorbachev inherit from Brezhnev. b. a. [400], Amid growing dissent in the Baltics, especially Lithuania, in January 1991 Gorbachev demanded that the Lithuanian Supreme Council rescind its pro-independence reforms. c. Businesses and homeowners benefited greatly from its passage. Entering into an unavoidable alliance with Yeltsin, Gorbachev quit the Communist Party, disbanded its Central Committee, and supported measures to strip the party of its control over the KGB and the armed forces. Moving to Stavropol, he worked for the Komsomol youth organization and, after Stalin's death, became a keen proponent of the de-Stalinization reforms of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. b. boycotted South Africa to protest apartheid. d. They had secured federal censorship of pornography. Gorbachev declined to intervene militarily when various Eastern Bloc countries abandoned MarxistLeninist governance in 19891992. Mikhail Gorbachev was named a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1971. 1885-1991. Gorbachev was born in Privolnoye, Russian SFSR, to a poor peasant family of Russian and Ukrainian heritage. 6. [8] His parents were poor,[9] and lived as peasants. In 2014, he defended the Crimean status referendum and Russia's annexation of Crimea that began the Russo-Ukrainian war. e. It meant Nixon had gone "soft" on communism. [409], In August, Gorbachev and his family holidayed at their dacha, "Zarya" ('Dawn') in Foros, Crimea. Mikhail Gorbachev: a divisive figure loved abroad but loathed at home Gorbachev is considered to be one of the most significant figures of the second half of the 20th century. [268], Although the next party congress was not scheduled until 1991, Gorbachev convened the 19th Party Conference in its place in June 1988. [125] Gorbachev concentrated his attentions on agriculture: the harvests of 1979, 1980, and 1981 were all poor, due largely to weather conditions,[126] and the country had to import increasing quantities of grain. a. He graduated from Moscow State University in 1955. [484] More broadly, Gorbachev was critical of U.S. policy following the Cold War, arguing that the West had attempted to "turn [Russia] into some kind of backwater". Local troops tried to quell the unrest but were attacked by mobs. a. [401] Soviet troops occupied several Vilnius buildings and attacked protesters,[402] 15 of whom were killed. [94], In April 1970, Yefremov was promoted to a higher position in Moscow and Gorbachev succeeded him as the First Secretary of the Stavropol kraikom. a. Neoconservatives came to believe that even the best-intentioned social programs did more harm than good. [323] Further anti-Armenian violence broke out in Baku in January 1990, followed by the Soviet Army killing about 150 Azeris. b. feared family values were being undermined. [524] Biographers Doder and Branson related that after Stalin's death, Gorbachev's "ideology would never be doctrinal again",[525] but noted that he remained "a true believer" in the Soviet system. The Soviet Union's brittle husk crumbled as Gorbachev struggled to preserve it. What percentage of Soviet GNP was spent of military supplies. 2022 EXAMINATION CHRA; Income Taxation - Summaries; Preview text. The Viet Cong lost access to its Ho Chi Minh Trail. e. A and B. a. stated that equality of rights under the law could not be abridged on account of sex. e. Carter's bold boycott of the Moscow Olympics in protest over the invasion of Afghanistan dramatically improved his chances at reelection. e. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state laws banning homosexual acts. Queen Elizabeth II (who herself died nine days after Gorbachev) in her condolence stated that "through his courage and vision, he gained the admiration, affection and respect of the British people". Unit 10 Final Quiz Flashcards | Quizlet [563] Unlike many of his contemporaries in the Soviet administration, he was not a womanizer and was known for treating women respectfully. [246] That month, a plenum accepted his recommendations and the Supreme Soviet passed a "law on enterprises" implementing the changes. [50] On 25 September 1953 he and Raisa registered their marriage at Sokolniki Registry Office;[50] and in October moved in together at the Lenin Hills dormitory. The victory of communists in Vietnam in 1975. As democratically elected, noncommunist governments came to power in East Germany, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia in late 198990, Gorbachev agreed to the phased withdrawal of Soviet troops from those countries. Use your notes to identify the characteristics of the medieval religious orders. [62] In January 1957, Raisa gave birth to a daughter, Irina,[63] and in 1958 they moved into two rooms in a communal apartment. Breaking News Wangaratta, 1985 Tribute By President Reagan Rhetorical Analysis, Articles M