religion anthropology quizlet

b. 3.Men, or certain groups of men construct the language and models of a society-> communication is therefore limited for women/. It discusses various theoretical and contemporary perspectives on fieldwork and ethnography. All systems of symbolic healing are based on a model of experiential reality which he refers to as its "mythical world" Sequences of words and actions invented prior to the current performance of the ritual in which they occur. We examine both the macro structure of the way politics emerge from religious conflict, why the distinction between religion and politics holds such force, and the microstructure of the way gods and spirits come to feel real to people. ; 6 What do anthropological archeologists study? \hspace{10pt}\text{Less ending inventory (80,000 units x \$14 per unit)}&\underline{\hspace{10pt}1,120,000}\\ Earliest form of religion, belief in spiritual beings. Also has priesthood and notions of divine power, views the supernatural differently- are manifestations of, or are under the control of a single eternal, omniscient, omnipotent, and omnipresent supreme being. "voodoo dolls". Anthropology of Religion: Definition, History, Themes - IResearchNet They are generally done in combination with a vow to perform repeatedly a particular ritual for a certain number of times or days. While monogamy traditionally referred to the union of one man and one woman, there are some countries that recognize same-sex unions. the single most influential cultural anthropologist in the United States." He served until his death as professor emeritus at the . Rituals called rites of passage mark ones transition through the various stages in life, from as early as conception throughout life until death, and even afterwards. Juedo-Christian Traditions use what to encourage morality, Indigenous traditions use what to encourage morality. Which of the following is not an example of a difference between how indigenous peoples view religion and how Westerners view religion? Are social acts. TreatmentsBlocks12345A101218208B9615187C8514188. (2004). & 4 & 20 & 18 & 18 \\ Religion belief and ritual concern with supernatural beings, powers and forces. A blessing of food actually alters the spiritual essence of the food. -> thus all societies are structured around oppositions (raw vs. cooked) - Said religion was "prescribed formal behavior for occasions not given over to technical routine, having reference to beliefs in mystical beings or powers regarded as the first and final causes of effects". A part time magico-religious practitioner. New York: Routledge. Incorporation-reappearance in a new status. & \mathbf{5} & 8 & 7 & 8 He was interested in a hierarchy of values. In such cases, the beneficiary of the ritual will likely pay the officiant, with money or goods, for the rituals performed. emphasized summarizing symbols, which represent complex sets of ideas, and elaborating metaphors, including root metaphors and key scenarios, ritual involving the manipulation of religious symbols such as prayers, offerings, and readings of sacred literature, rituals that are required to be performed, rituals that arise spontaneously, frequently in times of crisis, rituals performed on a regular basis as part of a religious calendar, rituals performed when a particular need arises, such as a marriage or a death, rituals that attempt to influence or control nature, hunting and gathering rites of intensification, rituals that influence nature in the quest for food, rituals designed to protect the safety of people engaged in dangerous activities, rituals that seek information about the unknown, healing rituals; rituals that deal with illness, accident, and death, rituals that bring about illness, accident, or death, rituals that serve to maintain the normal functioning of a community, rituals that delineate codes of proper behavior and articulate the community's worldview, rituals that accompany changes in an individual's status in society, rituals that focus on the elimination of alien customs and a return to a native way of life, gifts or even bribes, or economic exchange designed to influence the supernatural, the anthropological study of medicinal plants, each position in a series of positions, each one defined in terms of appropriate behavior, rights and obligations, and relationships to one another, the relative placement of each position in the society, a ceremony whereby a male child becomes a member of the Jewish community, the first phase of a rite of passage, in which the individual is removed from his or her former status, the second step in a rite of passage, during which several activities take place that bring about the change in status, the final phase in a rite of passage, during which the individual reenters normal society, though in a new social relationship, the state of ambiguous marginality during which the metamorphisis takes place during a rite of passage, a state in which there is a sense of equality, but the mere fact that a group of individuals is moving through the process together brings about a sense of community and camaraderie, in many traditional societies, the boys who are initiated together and form very close bonds, a specific status defined by age, such as warrior or elder, the removal of the labia minora along with the clitoris, the removal of the entire clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora and the sewing together of the remnants of the labia majora, leaving a small opening for urination and the passing of menstrual blood, an impersonal supernatural force that is found concentrated in special places in the landscape, in particular objects, and in certain people, a characteristic of most symbols: no direct connection with the thing they refer to, the ability to use symbols to refer to things and activities that are remote from the user, the feature of symbols allowing one to create a new symbol, such as a name, to refer to a new object, has a positive meaning such as prosperity and good luck, but most Americans and Europeans looking at it experience anger or dread, any five-sided figure, but generally used to refer to a five-pointed star, the symbol most clearly associated with Christianity, a word that is derived from the first letter of a series of words, a pipe through which a spirit moves from a tomb into a temple sanctuary during rituals, a religious system focusing on expressions of sacred time and space, the fusion of elements from two different cultures, instruments that are struck, shaken, or rubbed, instruments that incorporate a taut membrane or skin, instruments with taut strings that can be plucked or strummed, hit, or sawed, instruments where air is blown across or into some type of passageway, such as a pipe, the manipulation of supernatural power as a direct means of achieving an end, magic depends on the apparent association or agreement between things, things that were once in contact continue to be connected after the connection is severed, assumes there is a causal relationship between things that appear to be similar, based on the premise that things that were once in contact always maintain a connection, the practice of making an image to represent a living person or animal, which can then be killed or injured through doing things to the image, such as sticking pins into the image or burning it, fertility rituals that function to facilitate the successful reproduction of a totem animal, the belief that signs telling of a plant's medical use are somehow embedded within the structure and nature of the plant itself, an oral text that is transmitted without change; the slightest deviation from its traditional form would invalidate the magic, an object in which supernatural power resides, antisocial magic, used to interfere with the economic activities of others and to bring about illness and even death, a perceived revival of pre-Christian religious practices, techniques for obtaining information about things unknown, including events that will occur in the future, involves some type of spiritual experience such as a direct contact with a supernatural being through an altered state of consciousness, usually possession, more magical ways of doing divination, including the reading of natural events as well as the manipulation of oracular devices, refers to a specific device that is used for divination and can refer to inspiration or noninspirational forms, divination that happens without any conscious effort on the part of the individual, divination that someone sets out to do, such as reading tarot cards or examining the liver of a sacrificed animal, refers to divination through contact with the dead or ancestors, fortuitous happenings, or conditions that provide information, reading the path and form of a flight of birds, refers to chance meeting with an animal, such as a black cat crossing one's path, the examination of the entrails of sacrificed animals, the placing of bones in a fire and reading the patterns of burns and cracks to determine a response, the use of flour (as in fortune cookies) for divination, using a forked stick to locate water underground, the reading of the lines of the palm of the hand, the study of the shape and structure of the head, either fortuitous or deliberate, an altered state of consciousness in which a supernatural being (be it an ancestor, a ghost, a spirit, or a god) communicates through an individual, fortuitous in that the prophet receives information through a vision unexpectedly, without any necessary overt action on the part of the individual, the possession of a medium by a spirit who then speaks through the medium, people who undergo deliberate possession involving an overt action whereby the individual falls into a trance, painful and often life-threatening tests that a person who is suspected of guilt may be forced to undergo, such as dipping a hand into hot oil, swallowing poison, or having a red-hot knife blade pressed against some part of the body, the assumption of a causal relationship between celestial phenomenal and terrestrial ones and the influence that the stars and planets have on the lives of human beings, relatively simple forms of magical thinking that represent simple behaviors that directly bring about a simple result, such as carrying a good luck charm, receives his or her power directly from the spirit world; acquires status and abilities, such as healing, through personal communication with the supernatural during shamanic trances or altered states of consciousness, a central vertical axis that links the middle zone, the upper world, and the lower world; allows the movement of the shaman between the realm of the natural and supernatural, a technique of body movements, or magical passes, aiming to increase awareness of the energy fields that humans are made of, "the near universal methods of shamanism without a specific cultural perspective", focused on an individual, as opposed to the community, often as a self-help means of improving one's life; choose to participate and focus on what they consider the positive aspects of shamanism, as opposed to the traditionally recognized "dark side of shamanism", full-time religious specialists associated with formalized religious institutions that may be linked with kinship groups, communities, or larger political units; given religious authority by those units or by formal religious organizations, participate in activities similar to those of U.S. medical practitioners; may set bones, treat sprains with cold, or administer drugs made from native plants and other materials, specialists in the use of plant and other material as cures; may prescribe the materials to be administered or may provide the material as prescribed by a healer or diviner, someone who practices divination, a series of techniques and activities that are used to obtain information about things that are not normally knowable, a mouthpiece of the gods; communicates the words and will of the gods to his or her community and to act as an intermediary between the gods and the people, refers to individuals who have an innate ability to do evil, not depending on ritual to achieve his or her evil ends but simply willing misfortune to occur, a belief in the gratification of one's desires, a new awareness of something that exists in the environment, occurs when a person, using the technology at hand, comes up with a solution to a particular problem, the apparent movement of cultural traits from one society to another, the process of inventing a new trait through the receiving of an idea of one culture from another, the rapid change experienced by a subordinate culture as traits from a dominant culture are accepted, often at a rate that is too rapid to properly integrate the traits of the dominant culture into the subordinate culture, when the dominated society has changed so much that is has ceased to have its own distinct identity, a fusing of traits from two cultures to form something new and yet, at the same time, permit the retention of the old by subsuming the old into a new form, the dispersion of a people from their homeland, a religious or secular movement to bring about a change in society, manifesting as a result of a reaction to assimilation, develop in societies in which the cultural gap between the dominant and subordinate cultures is vast; these movements stress the elimination of the dominant culture and a return to the past, keeping the desirable elements of the dominant culture to which the society has been exposed, but with these elements now under the control of the subordinate culture, attempt to revive what is often perceived as a past golden age in which ancient customs come to symbolize the noble features and legitimacy of the repressed culture, based on a vision of change through an apocalyptic transformation, believe that a divine savior in human form will bring about the solution to the problems that exist within the society, a belief system among members of a relatively undeveloped society in which adherents practice superstitious rituals hoping to bring modern goods supplied by a more technologically advanced society, a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups that do not have a language in common, refers to the deteriorating quality of decisions made by an individual after a long session of decision making. The actual creation can take up to a week. They thereby help to enhance bonds between members of a religious community and their belief system. A perspective that aims to identify and understand the wholethat is, the systematic connections between individual cultural beliefs and practicesrather than the individual parts. 32. 450 Jane Stanford Way 3. A good example of the difference can be seen in the communion bread and wine preparatory rituals in Christian churches. According to your text, arguments for the presence of religious practice in pre-historic societies has included all but which of the following? & 1 & 10 & 9 & 8 \\ They are given special privileges as well as special restrictions. Most people who do personal rituals do so as part of a regular adherence to religious beliefs. Communitas describes the unstructured, egalitarian, human relatedness. $$ SourceofVariationSSdfMSFp-valueBetweenGroups1034.512517.2619.864.49E07WithinGroups1302.415026.05Total2336.9252\begin{array}{|l|c|c|c|c|c|} - The great mother's menstrual blood is gold (the sacred life blood of the earth) Use manure to fertilize their fields. + vitality and its transformation People come together when they are initiated together. Every ritual has a beneficiary, someone or something for which the ritual is undertaken. 1858-d. 1917) is regarded, alongside Max Weber, as a founder of the discipline of sociology. Turn to it when they face uncertainty or danger (Malinowski). List three factors in James Dow's Universal Aspects of Symbolic Healing. Curing is often accomplished by restructuring a disorder in a mythic world The key difference between the two social sciences is that sociology concentrates on society while anthropology focuses on culture. Religion is a pattern of beliefs values and actions that are acquired by members of a group. Don't over reach on interpretation --> symbolism is open to individual interpretation, and our interpretation may be different. \text{Income from operations}&&\underline{\underline{\$\hspace{5pt}1,255,000}}\\ All the answers are correct (as tricksters, totems, were-animals, guardian animals). - Took three trips-> on her first trip she saw the women as the 'other;' she focused on the male villagers b/c she thought they would have more important input -> She became increasingly aware that the women could be seen in a different light -> By her third visit she understood the women's heavy work load and lack of leisure. Ignore the cross product between the real rate of interest and the inflation rate. A teacher wants to know if nightmares are more common than dreams. 3. Comes from the latin Religar - To Tie, To Bind. SourceofVariationBetweenGroupsWithinGroupsTotalSS1034.511302.412336.92df25052MS517.2626.05F19.86p-value4.49E07. ", theorized a linear evolution of religion, from animism to polytheism to monotheism, wrote "The Golden Bough" Males are often expected to take more responsibility for the support and protection of their families. On the spiritual level, they serve as vehicles, in one manner or another, to draw beneficiaries closer to the divine, to enhance communication with spirit beings, to provide access to supernatural powers, or to facilitate ones path to salvation or enlightenment. According to Durkheim, an emphasis on the supernatural should not be considered a required component of religion. Groups of people have particular _____. Whatever is done to an object is believed to affect a person who once had contact with it. Using supernatural techniques to accomplish specific aims. Religions/Anthropology Flashcards | Quizlet Religions/Anthropology Term 1 / 86 What is the primary ethical duty of Khalsa Sikhs? Following Durkheim and Weber social anthropologists conceive of religion as culture. theorized a linear evolution of religion, from magic to religion to science, adopted by Tylor and Frazer; theorizes that religion originates in an attempt to rationally explain the world but ultimately gives way to science, theorized that the natural beauty of the world inspires religion These formulas are, in a sense, magic . Attendance to doctoral meetings (spiritual interpretation of Christian bible. It is simple, elegant and well supported through time. ", Much of the success of traditional healers may be attributed to the kinds of conditions they treat. The indigenous mind is going to be different than the ethnographer's mind --> There will not always be a single explanation for phenomena Englishman 1871-1958. Some cultures tend to be outer orientated (outside the domestic sphere) , while others were inner oriented (inside the domestic sphere). Terms in this set (210) anthropology. Religions/Anthropology Flashcards | Quizlet -Work with notions of purity and impurity Bodies and possessions of Melanesian chiefs were _____. They typically integrate the rituals into their daily lives, along with eating, working, and so forth. syncretism. ALL OF HUMAN EXPERIENCE IS MEDIATED BY OUR PERCEPTION (biological, psychological and spiritual), -1950's militaristic boarding school Rituals embody the religious tradition of which they are a part. +thought of them as racially pure T/F: Ritual may have both positive and negative dimensions. Mediate between people and supernatural beings and forces. Post the amounts in the General columns. TreatmentsABC1109821265Blocks318151442018185878\begin{aligned} \text{Payment of interest} &19,000 & \text{Increase in current assets}\\ A marriage ceremony actually changes the participants spiritually, as well as legally and socially. a primal horde has an alpha male, who is killed by the other males in an act of patricide; in reverence to the deceased alpha male the culture "worships" him, leading to monotheism, structural functionalist who theorized that society produces religion because religion supports social systems; did not believe in individualistic religion or naturalistic origin, symbolic interactionalist who defined religion is a system of symbols, defined religion as a system of actions and interactions based upon culturally shared beliefs in sacred supernatural powers, wrote that people who believe in secularization miss the meaning of science; science cannot prove or disprove the superempirical, studied the structuralism of human minds, focusing on myth; believed all cultures share cognitive patterns (for example, binary oppositions), wrote "On Key Symbols" Anthropology of Religion | Department of Anthropology Graduate ProgramUndergraduate ProgramGraduate Degree TracksUndergrad Degree EmphasisCourses, Research AreasFaculty PublicationsCONTEXTS: UGResearchJournal, FacultyGraduate StudentsUG Peer AdvisorsStaffLeadership, Main Quad, Building 50 Use examples. **Requirements** Magicians use this to produce a desired effect by imitating it. ", a system of beliefs that act to contain natural selfishness of individuals and to promote social cooperation, making sense of cultural systems by studying meaning, concerned with the relationship between culture and personality and the connection between the society and the individual, refers to things that are not human but have humanlike characteristics and behave in humanlike ways, refers to the idea that people know, or think they know, what is going on in other people's minds, a general term for processes of the human brain that include perception, learning, memory, concept formation, and problem solving, a belief that the nature of the supernatural is unknowable, that it is impossible to prove the nonexistence of the supernatural as it is to prove its existence, the way in which societies perceive and interpret their reality, seen by members of the culture as representing events that have actually taken place, although some embellishment often occurs, stories recounted as having really happened, primarily on the Internet or in tabloids, sacred stories that tell the origin of the world and humankind, the existence and activities of gods and spirits, the creation of order in the universe, and the nature of illness and death, explains a culture's view of the proper organization of human relationships, inborn elements of the unconscious that are manifested in dreams and myths, the catastrophic destruction of the world, stories involving heroes throughout the world, the same basic story line followed by all hero myths: "A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man. Thought religion came from people trying to understand conditions and events the could not explain. Since the early 1900s anthropologists have been conducting field research to retrieve, record, classify, and interpret religious beliefs and practices. As such, they are to be performed with an attitude of contrition and humility. When Anthropologists Study Religions, They Do So In An Attempt To The three possible portfolio combinations are AB, AC, and BC. Reconcile the variable costing income from operations of $1,255,000 with the absorption costing income from operations determined in (a). 3. It is designed to help you learn the material. A prominent french social theorist. Linked to capitalism- more ascetic, entrepreneurial and future oriented. They are now women and are expected to fulfill whatever role their cultures assign that state. Believed the study of society should be dispassionate and scientific. \hspace{10pt}\text{Variable cost of goods manufactured (500,000 units x \$14 per unit)}&\$\hspace{5pt}7,000,000\\ These range from greeting rituals to elaborate and highly complex governmental and national rituals. -> rules and values serve a function of controlling behavior. Lacks written scripture and formal creeds - The belief in a single abstract force, not anthropomorphized , which runs through all of the world. Thought religion came from people trying to understand conditions and events the could not explain. Success depends upon: belief in a common mythic world, faith in healer, choice of appropriate transaction symbols, and skill of the healer, Spirit medium, whom Dr. Fritz communicates through; 4th grade education, List three reasons Spiritism took hold and flourished in Brazil, 1. Be sure to read the feedback. It often forms a separate sphere of activity Robert Hertz Most of these protagonists (at least in the most commonly studied myths) are. Purification rituals may also be done on their own as a preparation for most everyday activities, from eating to working to sleeping. totem. Rites of passage are seen as a movement from structure to anti-structure and back again to structure. Moreover, there is an increasing view that many of the problems in urbanized and westernized society are exacerbated by the lack of ritual tools and supports to address them. Religion. Rites marking transitions between places or stages of life. \end{array} Journalize the receipt of cash for the maturity value of the note on March 16, Receipt No. A symbol or emblem of a social unit. Characteristics of Culture - Anthropology - iResearchNet John Clay Wolfe Net Worth, Pete Bevacqua Net Worth, Edwardsville High School Athletic Director, Kate Richardson Robbinsdale, Articles R